“drafting Broad And Narrow Claims For Autonomous Vehicle Innovations” – Held a discussion on the Telecommunications Bill 2022 on 18 October 2022. Experts who attended the event at the India Habitat Center provided excellent insights and recommendations on the bill. You can watch the video of the event here.
Broad definitions need to be revised: Many have considered “telecom services” to be “broad” in an attempt to include traditional services as well as the software and IT industries – even the cloud.
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“drafting Broad And Narrow Claims For Autonomous Vehicle Innovations”
“So this broadly means that not only would companies have to comply with all the regulations that the DoT now has but also the regulations from MeitY and other laws that come up,” said one speaker at the event.
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Moreover, at the end of the definition, the bill states that “future services may also be included”, meaning that the central government still retains the right to define new services. Since there are no objections to these broad definitions, one speaker asked that all three terms: telecommunications, telecommunications networks, and telecommunications services be amended, as all three derive from the “parent law.”
Redundant definitions do not help with regulation: Stakeholders have requested definitions that have regulatory relevance. One speaker called the definition of “telecommunications” “extremely unhelpful”.
“It’s too general. And if you look at the definitions you’d expect from other utility regulations for example, I mean electricity is never defined so trivially as to include a battery you might be using at home… trying to be too clever by half, it including everything and whatever is missing they are very happy to complete. But I think from a regulatory point of view it’s rather irrelevant and that it has to be a concern,”
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The definition of telecommunications may include streaming platforms: Under the Act, “telecommunications” is “the transmission, transmission, or reception of any message by radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems.” Although the definition continues in this way, the phrase “includes all communication taking place on any electromagnetic system, whether through WhatsApp or any social networks or telephone etc. said the speaker.
“Furthermore, the inclusion of video communication services in telecommunications services will mean that OTTs will also fall under it. This brings up the possibility that every streaming platform is also covered by this definition,” the spokesperson said.
No definition of communications services will lead to conflict between ministries: One speaker argued that telecommunications “must be infrastructure only”, while communications services “must be infrastructure only, not content regulation”. However, since the bill does not define the latter, but the mentioned “video communication services”, this may mean that content streaming services will also be included in this bill. This will lead to conflicts between the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and various other ministries as to who has authority and who does not.
“It’s going to create more jurisdictional disputes because they don’t have communication services or what means of communication are defined because of what communication generally means,” she said.
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One speaker pointed out that the definition of telecommunications services when read with Section 3(2)(a) (a) essentially states that “licensing is the exclusive prerogative of government” and almost all digital services are subject to a licensing regime.
“And if you look back at the Indian economy since 1991, the Indian government has kind of de-licensed almost all activities. And here we are sort of moving to the digital economy. And this bill practically … practically tries to bring everything in today’s digital economy under a licensing regime,” the speaker said.
Another speaker noted that the government has previously tried to introduce broad terms for IT rules, data protection etc. This leads to stakeholders having to negotiate the worst case scenario, leading to a very common conclusion. He gave the example of the Data Protection Bill and its previously broad definition.
“At the time, we had to deal with these kinds of ideas, even though it would seem absurd to anyone else. All data of Indians copies inside India, how can it be all personal data, we actually had to think about it then. Now look what happened to it. I feel like officers and departments are setting a very high price that people have to bargain with now, and then they get something that’s still not quite common, as well as they get some localization,” he said.
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Bill pretends to change previous provisions: On this one speaker pointed out how the consultation paper [the Bill] claims to change the powers of the Government under the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act and the Unlawful Possession of Telegraphic Wireless Equipment Act. However, this does not appear in the clauses of the bill.
“If you look at the definition of wireless equipment, which is Article 23, it means any telecommunications equipment used or capable of being used in wireless communication, including any wireless transmitter capable of being used for broadcasting. Most devices today have wireless transmitters, including our cars, right?” she said.
Coupled with other sections such as section 3, sub-section (2), which gives the Central Government the exclusive right to exercise its power under sub-section 1 by authorizing any entity to possess wireless equipment, the government has the power to prescribe standards and licences. it. Similarly, the Central Government may exempt from the requirement of a licence, registration, permit or assignment under sub-section 2 for “public interest”, stating that it retains the same powers as before under a different name.
Another participant agreed with this speaker and said: “If the law provides that if there is any delegation, there must be certain governing principles contained in the law or in the section itself. So where it’s so broad and you can do whatever you want. I think it’s definitely a strong basis for a challenge that it would be too delegated. So whatever the regulator decides, if tomorrow they decide to do X versus Y and there’s no principle that can be identified in law that can certainly be challenged.”
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The preamble plays a role in the interpretation of the law when it comes to a law which is quite contentious in nature. However, one speaker pointed out that the bill’s preamble contains no reference to constitutional doctrines such as diversity of media and voices, freedom of speech and expression.
He says, “If we consider telecommunications as a key driver of economic and social development,” this becomes relevant and important given that the definitions are ambiguous.
The bill says that “telecommunications services means a service of any description (including broadcasting services, electronic mail, voice mail, voice, video and data communications services __ audiotex services, videotex services, fixed and mobile services, Internet and broadband services, satellite communications services, internet communication services, in-flight and maritime connectivity services, human-to-human communication services, machine-to-machine communication services, over-the-top (OTT) communication services that are made available to users via telecommunications and include any other service that may be government to announce as a telecommunications service.
This laundry list is not based on certain criteria, but on the definition of function or things that we already use and use. According to a legal expert in the discussion, the preamble plays a role when a clause is ambiguous. For example, there is an exercise of regulatory power to interpret the provisions when talking about an OTT communications service. In case of ambiguity, it goes in favor of doubts about the exercise of power.
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“Telecoms are not just an engine of economic growth or social progress. It is also the exercise of rights to receive information to broadcast it, which should be meaningfully reflected in the preamble of every Indian. And I think that’s the main goal that should be recognized,” he said.
However, another speaker raised concerns about how this could bring a more content-based perspective to basic infrastructure.
One speaker pointed out that when the Act was passed on 1 October 1885, countries like Malaysia also had the same language in their Act because the source of these Acts was the same. In addition, most of the “new” telecommunication services in India were licensed in the 1990s, such as e-mail. At that time also new things like VSAT, paging, PMRTS, even mobile etc. But the definition in the law did not have to be changed by the government. Similarly, it did not have to change when 5G was launched.
“I think the law is so good in terms of definitions that a good lawyer… could argue that even telepathy needs a telecom license… if you look at the current bill, although it’s called the Telecom Bill 2022, the fact is, that in 2001, we also have this convergence communications bill. But even then, this particular bill had overall better structure, intent and checks and balances than the current one,” the spokesman said.
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